Chemical study of Adenocalymma axillarum crude leaf extract and isolated compounds

Abstract Adenocalymma axillarum (K.Schum.) L.G. Lohmann is a liana belonging to the family Bignoniaceae. In traditional medicine, the genus Adenocalymma is used to treat fever, skin ailments, and body, joint, and facial muscle pains, and it is also applied as cosmetic. Biological assays conducted with the A. axillarum crude leaf ethanol extract have indicated leishmanicidal activity and absence of cytotoxicity. This study aimed to analyze the A. axillarum leaf ethanol crude extract by high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry- diode array detector (HPLC-HRMS-DAD) and to evaluate the leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activities of this crude extract, its fractions, and isolated compounds. HPLC-HRMS-DAD analysis of this extract revealed that it consisted mainly of flavonoids, with nine major compounds. Extract purification yielded 4-hydroxy-N-methylproline, 6-β-hydroxyipolamiide, quercetin-3-O-robinobioside, hyperin, isorhamnetin-3-O-robinobioside, and 3'-O-methylhyperin, which were identified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. The isolated compounds were inactive against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and human lung fibroblast cells.

Research Progress on Active Ingredients of Flavonoids in Traditional Chinese Medicine Dendrobium / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Dendrobium（Orchidaceae） is traditional Chinese medicine with a high healthcare value，which can nourish Yin and tonify deficiency. Eighty-nine flavonoids were isolated from Dendrobium，mainly including flavones，flavanoes and flavonols. Among them，there were 40 flavonoids，the main aglycones were apigenin and chrysoeriol；20 flavanones；and 15 flavonols，and the main aglycones were kaempferol and quercetin. D. officinale and several other species also have flavanonols，anthocyanidins，chalcone and isoflavones. There were 34 species of Dendrobium containing flavonoids，including 38 flavonoids in D. officinale，28 flavonoids in D. huoshanense，19 flavonoids in D. devonianum，12 flavonoids in D. wardianum，5 flavonoids in D. thyrsiflorum，4 flavonoids in D. denneanum and D. findlayanum. Common flavonoids included naringenin，quercetin，rutin，which had pharmacological effects of resisting oxidation，lowering blood sugar，improving blood circulation，lowing cholesterol，and protecting the cardiovascular system. The existing studies of Dendrobium-related species，flavonoids and their physiological functions were reviewed in the expectation to promote the attention of the industry to Dendrobium flavonoids and explore values of Dendrobium plants in efficacy and food fields.

Comparative study on the effects of total ginkgo flavonol glycosides and total ginkgolides on neurofunctional recovery in mice with subacute stroke / 药学学报

As a Ginkgo biloba extract preparation, shuxuening injection has a unique advantage in the prevention and treatment of acute and subacute stroke, but its main active ingredient is still unclear. Using a subacute model of stroke in mice constructed earlier, we further explored the contribution and mechanism of the two main components of total ginkgo flavonol glycosides and total ginkgolides in facilitating the neurofunctional recovery in stroke-induced mice. The pharmacodynamics was mainly evaluated by neurobehavioral changes, cerebral infarction volume, blood-brain barrier permeability and brain edema. The pathway and targets were predicted by transcriptome and network pharmacology. Finally, the mechanism was verified at the mRNA and protein levels. The results showed that the beneficial effect of total ginkgolides was greater than that of total ginkgo flavonol glycosides in both the pharmacodynamics and the regulatory mechanism of granulocyte adhesion and diapedesis involving granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage-1 antigen (MAC-1) and E-selectin. These findings suggest that shuxuening injection may improve the prognosis for mice with subacute stroke by down-regulating G-CSF-mediated granulocyte adhesion and diapedesis pathway mainly through the total ginkgolide components. This finding is expected to provide reference for optimizing prescription and searching for natural drugs for targeting the treatment of ischemic stroke prognosis. The animal experiments in this study followed the regulations of Animal Ethics Committee of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Analysis of Chemical Constituents in Microctis Folium by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To analyze the chemical constituents in Microctis Folium by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight high resolution mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）. Method:Waters CORTECS UPLC C₁₈ column （2.1 mm×150 mm， 1.6 μm） was used for chromatographic separation with the mobile phase of methanol （A） -0.1% formic acid solution （B） for gradient elution （0-4 min， 14%-30%A； 4-16 min， 30%-58%A； 16-25 min， 58%-78%A； 25-25.1 min， 78%-98%A； 25.1-29 min， 98%A）， the flow rate was 0.25 mL· min^-1， the injection volume was 1 μL. The electrospray ionization （ESI） was adopted for determining the chromatographic effluent under positive and negative ion modes， the main chromatographic peaks were assigned and distinguished by Q-TOF， and the scanning range was <italic>m</italic>/<italic>z</italic> 100-1 500. Result:A total of 31 chemical constituents in Microctis Folium were identified by confirmation of reference substances， literature comparison and high resolution mass spectrometry data analysis. The chemical constituent cluster was composed of 28 flavonoids （9 flavone C-glycosides， 10 flavonols and their glycosides， 8 proanthocyanidins， 1 xanthone） and 3 organic acids （caffeic acid， <italic>p</italic>-coumaric acid， ferulic acid）. Conclusion:UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technique provides a simple， rapid and accurate method for the identification of chemical constituents in Microctis Folium. Flavone C-glycosides， flavonol oxyglycosides and proanthocyanidins are the main chemical constituents. The 7 proanthocyanidins are reported for the first time in this herb. In conclusion， the chemical profile of Microctis Folium is characterized and the findings are meaningful for the in-depth quality assessment and material basis clarification of Microctis Folium.

Quality Analysis and Suggestion for Ginkgo Folium Tablets and Ginkgo Folium Capsules / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To conduct quality evaluation of Ginkgo Folium preparations by analyzing the national evaluation sampling test results， analyze the quality differences， and put forward suggestions for the improvement of quality standards and market supervision. Method:The contents of total flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones in Ginkgo Folium tablets and Ginkgo Folium capsules were determined according to the methods of determination in the 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （the first volume）， and the contents of free flavonoids （quercetin， kaempferide and isorhamnetin） and sophoricoside in Ginkgo Folium preparations were determined according to related supplementary testing method of Ginkgo Folium tablets and Ginkgo Folium capsules issued by National Medical Products Administration. The quality differences of Ginkgo Folium preparations from different batches and different manufacturers were compared according to the contents of total flavonol glycosides， terpene lactones， free flavonoids and sophoricoside in 328 batches of Ginkgo Folium tablets and Ginkgo Folium capsules manufactured by 48 enterprises. Result:Quality of 328 batches of Ginkgo Folium tablets and Ginkgo Folium capsules was in accordance with the standard， but the contents of terpene lactones and total flavonol glycosides were all distributed in a wide range， and the quality of samples varied greatly among different enterprises. Conclusion:It is recommended that each enterprise should optimize the production process and strictly control the raw materials to ensure the consistency between different batches of samples.

Bioactive metabolites in of Ginkgo biloba leaves: variations by seasonal, meteorological and soil / Metabólitos bioativos em folhas de Ginkgo biloba: variações sazonais, meteorológicas e do solo

Abstract Ginkgo biloba is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine containing multiple components that contribute to its notable bioactivities. Variations of seasonal, meteorological and planting soil on the phytochemicals contents in G. biloba leaves due to the effects of growth meteorological and soil parameters were investigated in this study. The leaves of G. biloba were collected from different months and place in Zhejiang province, the contents of flavones (quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin) and terpene lactones (bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B and C) were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) method. The established methods were validated with good linearity, precision, repeatability, stability, and recovery. Comprehensive analysis suggested the proper harvest time for G. biloba was in October of Zhejiang province. The result of correlation analysis with meteorological factors shows that the temperature and precipitation have non-significant effect on the main components of G. biloba. In addition, the type and content (Mn and Zn) of the soil showed significantly effect on the content of flavonoids and terpene lactones. This study enriched the knowledge on the development and utilization value of the G. biloba leaves and was useful for determining the optimal harvest time and growing condition.

Resumo Ginkgo biloba é um fitoterápico tradicional da medicina chinesa que contém vários componentes que contribuem para suas notáveis bioatividades. Variações sazonais, meteorológicos e de plantio do solo sobre os teores fitoquímicos em folhas de G. biloba, devido aos efeitos do crescimento meteorológico e parâmetros do solo, foram investigadas neste estudo. As folhas de G. biloba foram coletadas em diferentes meses e na província de Zhejiang, os teores de flavonas (quercetina, kaempferol e isorhamnetina) e lactonas terpênicas (bilobalida, ginkgolídeos A, B e C) foram quantificados por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) e pelo método do detector de dispersão da luz por evaporação. Os métodos estabelecidos foram validados com boa linearidade, precisão, repetibilidade, estabilidade e recuperação. Uma análise abrangente sugeriu que o tempo de colheita adequado para G. biloba foi em outubro na província de Zhejiang. O resultado da análise de correlação com fatores meteorológicos mostra que a temperatura e a precipitação não têm efeito significativo sobre os principais componentes de G. biloba. Além disso, o tipo e composição (Mn e Zn) do solo apresentaram efeito significativo sobre o teor de flavonoides e lactonas terpênicas. Este estudo enriqueceu o conhecimento sobre o valor de desenvolvimento e utilização das folhas de G. biloba e foi útil para determinar o melhor tempo de colheita e condição de crescimento.

Antiproliferative and photoprotective activities of the extracts and compounds from Calea fruticosa

In this paper, we complement our previous study on the antiproliferative activity of Calea fruticosa (Asteraceae) by isolating the compounds apigenin-4',7-dimethyl ether (1), budlein A (2), quercetin (3), and cichoriin (4) from the plant's aerial parts. The antiproliferative activity of these compounds was evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method against human tumor cell lines. Compound 3 displayed moderate antiproliferative activity in three cell lines (HCT-116, PC-3, and SF-295, with cell growth inhibition values of 72.97, 74.55, and 68.94%) and high antiproliferative activity (90.86%) in the HL-60 cell line. The in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) of the extracts and compound 4, with and without sunscreen, was determined by a spectrophotometric method. The ethanol extract exhibited the highest SPF (9.67) at a concentration of 0.100 mg/mL, while compound 4, isolated from this extract, showed a SPF of 13.79 at the same concentration. A relative increased efficacy of SPF was observed for the extracts and compound 4 when sunscreen was also used. Compound 4 has not been reported previously from any species within the genus Calea. Compounds 1-4 were obtained from this species for the first time.

Enzymatic synthesis of myricetin 3-O-galactoside through a whole-cell biocatalyst / 中草药·英文版

Objective: Myricetin 3-O-galactoside is an active compound with pharmaceutical potential. The insufficient supply of this compound becomes a bottleneck in the druggability study of myricetin 3-O-galactoside. Thus, it is necessary to develop a biosynthetic process for myricetin 3-O-galactoside through metabolic engineering. Methods: Two genes OcSUS1 and OcUGE1 encoding sucrose synthase and UDP-glucose 4-epimerase were introduced into BL21(DE3) to reconstruct a UDP-D-galactose (UDP-Gal) biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli. The resultant chassis strain was able to produce UDP-Gal. Subsequently, a flavonol 3-O-galactosyltransferase DkFGT gene was transformed into the chassis strain producing UDP-Gal. An artificial pathway for myricetin 3-O-galactoside biosynthesis was thus constructed in E. coli. Results: The obtained engineered strain was demonstrated to be capable of producing myricetin 3-O-galactoside, reaching 29.7 mg/L. Conclusion: Biosynthesis of myricetin 3-O-galactoside through engineered E. coli could be achieved. This result lays the foundation for the large-scale preparation of myricetin 3-O-galactoside.

Chemical constituents of leaves of Persea americana (avocado) and their protective effects against neomycin-induced hair cell damage

ABSTRACT Persea americana Mill., Lauraceae, commonly known as the avocado, is native to tropical and subtropical regions, including Brazil. From the leaves of P. americana, one previously undescribed flavonol glycoside (1) together with ten known flavonoids (2-11), four megastigmane glycosides (12-15) and two lignans (16-17) were isolated. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic methods including 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data. This is the first investigation that reports megastigmane glycoside and lignan classes within the genus Persea. All the isolated compounds have been assessed through the cell survival of larval zebrafish following neomycin-induced damage and the cell viability of a House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 mouse auditory cell line. Among the tested compounds, juglanin (2) and (+)-lyoniresinol (16) showed significant cell regeneration in neomycin-damaged hair cell without cellular toxicity.

Investigation of chemical constituents of Mongolia medicine Hostae Flos (II) / 中草药

Objective To investigate the chemical constituents of Mongolia medicine Hostae Flos (Flowers of Hosta plantaginea). Methods Chemical constituents of Mongolia medicine Hostae Flos were isolated and purified by Solvent method and chromatographic method. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of physio-chemical identification and spectral analysis. Results Twelve compounds were obtained from Hostae Flos. Their structures were identified as adenosine (1), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)- β-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), kaempferol 3-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)]- β-D-glucopyranosyl}-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), hydroxybenzoic acid (6), hydroxyphenyl propionate (7), kaempferol 3-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosy-(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside} (8), kaempferol 3-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside}(9), kaempfero-3,7-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), 7-methoxyl-kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), and ursolic acid (12). Conclusion Compounds 2-4 and 9 are obtained from H. plamtaginea for the first time. Compounds 1, 5-8, 10-12 are isolated from the genus Hosta for the first time.

Acylated kaempferol glycosides from flower buds of Panax ginseng and their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of flavonoids and its α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from the flower buds of Panax ginseng. Methods The compounds were isolated and purified by MCI gel, silica gel and semi-preparative HPLC chromatography, and the structures were elucidated based on the NMR and MS data. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the isolated compounds in vitro were determined by 96-well microtiter plate. Results: From ethyl acetate fraction of alcohol extract of P. ginseng flower buds, five flavonoids were isolated and identified as kaempferol-3-O-(2″,3″-di-E-p-coumaroyl)-α-L-rhamnoside (1), kaempferol-3-O-(3″,4″-di-E-p-coumaroyl)-α-L-rhamnoside (2), kaempferol-3-O-(3″-Z-p-coumaroyl,4″-E-p-coumaroyl)-α-L-rhamnoside (3), kaempferol-3-O-(2″,4″-di-E-p-coumaroyl)-α-L-rhamnoside (4), and kaempferol-3-O-(2″,4″-di-Z-p-coumaroyl)-α-L-rhamnoside (5). The inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase in vitro showed that compound 3 had stronger inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. Conclusion: Compounds 1-5 are isolated from this genus for the first time, and the phenylpropionyl acylated flavonol glycosides in P. ginseng flower buds have some inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase in vitro.

Simultaneous determination of flavonol glycoside and its major metabolites by LC-MS/MS in rat plasma / 药学学报

Flavonol glycoside is in clinical trials for treatment of hyperlipidemia. An accurate and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of flavonol glycoside (M0), aglycone (M1) and glucuronide conjugate (M2) in rat plasma. d6-Flavonol glycoside was used as internal standard (IS). After extraction from the plasma by protein precipitation, the analytes and internal standard were separated on a XDB C18 column (50 mm×4.6 mm, 1.8 μm) using a gradient elution procedure. The mobile phase consisted of methanol and water (0.2% formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL·min−1. The total run time was 4.5 min. Positive electrospray ionization was performed using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with transitions of m/z 461.3 → m/z 299.1 for M0, m/z 299.1 → m/z 283.1 for M1, m/z 475.0 → m/z 299.1 for M2, and m/z 467.3 → m/z 305.1 for d6-flavonol glycoside. The method was validated and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics study of flavonol glycoside in SD rats which were given flavonol glycoside (30 mg·kg−1) by gavage. The Cmaxof M0 is (341 ±106) ng·mL−1 and AUC0−t is (1 960 ±725) h·ng·mL−1, while the Cmaxof M2 is (1 720 ±843) ng·mL−1and AUC0−t is (8 510 ±2 920) h·ng·mL−1. The results suggest that flavonol glycoside existed mainly in the form of M0 and M2 in rats. After flavonol glycoside being hydrolyzed by the intestinal flora, it was absorbed in the form of aglycone and further metabo­lized to M2 after the first-pass effect. In this paper, the main metabolites of flavonol glycoside in rat plasma were determined for the first time, which provided a basis for the design of clinical pharmacokinetic experiment.

Prokaryotic expression and in vitro enzyme activity analysis of flavonol synthase in Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Hangju' / 中国中药杂志

We cloned flavonol synthase gene (named as CmFLS) by RACE from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Hangju' based on transcriptome database. Sequencing results showed that 1 235 bp sequence was acquired with the largest open reading frame (ORF) of 1 008 bp, which encoded 335 amino acids. The predicted CmFLS encoded protein had an isoelectric point (pI) of 5.41. The phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that CmFLS was highly homologous to other FLSs, which identified from the species of Compositae. The recombinant fusion protein, with a molecular mass of 43 kDa, was successfully expressed by prokaryotic expression system. Meanwhile, Ni-NTA resin was used to purify the recombinant fusion protein, and the Ni-Native Buffer containing 250 mmol·L⁻¹ imidazole was most favorable for elution. The purified recombinant fusion protein was subjected to in vitro catalytic reaction, and then the products were extracted and analyzed by HPLC. The results showed that the recombinant fusion protein CmFLS was able to catalyze the production of quercetin by dihydroquercetin under specific buffer and reaction conditions, which indicated that the functional protein encoded by CmFLS had dioxygenase activity in the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids biosynthesis in Ch. morifolium cv. 'Hangju'. The above results laid the foundation for further studying on CmFLS, and provided new ideas for the regulation of flavonoids metabolism from the molecular level and the catalytic synthesis of flavonols in vitro.

Meliglabrin, A New Flavonol Derivative from the leaves of Melicope glabra (Blume) T.G. Hartley

A new flavonol derivative, meliglabrin (1) along with three known flavonols, ternatin (2), meliternatin (3), and 5,4′-dihydroxy-3,7,3′-trimethoxyflavon (4) were isolated from the leaves of Melicope glabra (Blume) T.G. Hartley. Their structures were determined using extensive spectroscopic methods, including UV, IR, HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR. Compounds 1 – 4 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against murine leukemia P-388 cells, compound 4 showed moderate activity.

A New Flavonol Glycoside from Tristemma hirtum (Melastomataceae)

Chemical investigation of the plant Tristemma hirtum P. Beauv (Melastomataceae) resulted to the isolation of a new flavonol glycoside named quercetin-7-O-α-D-arabinofuranoside (1), together with nine known compounds including 3′-hexadecanoyl-2′-(9aZ)-tetradecanoyl-glycerol 1′-O-[β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1″ → 6″)-α-D-galactopyranoside] (2), arjunolic acid (3), β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), terminolic acid (5), quercetin (6), asiatic acid (7), maslinic acid (8), 1β-O-galloylpedunculagin (9) and 6-hydroxyapigenin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10) from the methanol extract using normal and reversed phase column chromatography. The structures of these compounds were determined by comprehensive interpretation of their spectral data mainly including 1D- 2D-NMR (¹H-¹H COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) spectroscopic and ESI-TOF-MS mass spectrometric analysis.

Chemical constituents from Kalanchoe hybrida and their cytotoxicity / 中草药·英文版

Objective: Kalanchoe hybrida (Crassulaceae) is naturalized throughout all the island of Taiwan in China. The preliminary bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract of K. hybrida exhibited that the chloroform and n-butanol fractions possessed potent cytotoxicity against MCF-7, NCI-H460, and SF-268 tumor cell lines at 50 µg/mL concentration. Therefore, K. hybrida was selected as a target and the chemical constituents from the chloroform and n-butanol fractions of the crude extracts of K. hybrida were identified. The potential constituents were examined for their cytotoxicity against the tumor cell lines. Methods: A combination of conventional chromatographic techniques was performed on the crude extract of K. hybrida. The chemical structures of the purified constituents were identified on the basis of spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis. Results: The purification results had led to the characterization of totally 37 compounds. The isolated compounds 1, 2, and 4–12 were examined for their cytotoxicity in vitro, and bufadienolides 4–8 and flavonol glycoside 11 displayed significant cytotoxicity towards all the tested tumor cell lines among these tested compounds. Conclusion: The results indicated that these principles should be responsible for the bioactivity of corresponding partial fractions. The potential constituents could be further investigated to explore the new natural lead drugs.

Identification of phenolic compounds in Myricaria bracteata leaves by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract Myricaria bracteata Royle, Tamaricaceae, is a species with a wide geographic range that encompasses Eastern Europe, Western and Central Siberia, Central Asia, and the Himalayas. This plant is used in traditional folk medicine in Russia (Siberia) and in China typically as an analgesic and for the treatment of some infections and certain types of intoxication. The aim of this study was to identify phenolic constituents of the leaves of M. bracteata from two considerably distant populations. Chromatographic profiles of the leaves of M. bracteata were analyzed for the first time. Seventeen compounds, mainly methyl ethers of quercetin (isorhamnetin, rhamnazin), kaempferol (kaempferide, rhamnocitrin), and ellagic acid as well as quercetin, quercetin 3-glucoside, kaempferol, luteolin, chrysoeriol, citric acid, gallic acid, methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, and ferulic acid were identified in hydrolyzed aqueous ethanol extracts of the leaves. Flavonols and ellagic acid were the major compounds in both samples. Isorhamnetin was the main flavonoid constituent. Kaempferide and rhamnazin were also abundant in the flavonoid complex of the leaves of M. bracteata from the Altai. This study shows that M. bracteata leaves are a source of flavonoids with possible biological activities.

Bioactive metabolites in of Ginkgo biloba leaves: variations by seasonal, meteorological and soil

Abstract Ginkgo biloba is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine containing multiple components that contribute to its notable bioactivities. Variations of seasonal, meteorological and planting soil on the phytochemicals contents in G. biloba leaves due to the effects of growth meteorological and soil parameters were investigated in this study. The leaves of G. biloba were collected from different months and place in Zhejiang province, the contents of flavones (quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin) and terpene lactones (bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B and C) were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) method. The established methods were validated with good linearity, precision, repeatability, stability, and recovery. Comprehensive analysis suggested the proper harvest time for G. biloba was in October of Zhejiang province. The result of correlation analysis with meteorological factors shows that the temperature and precipitation have non-significant effect on the main components of G. biloba. In addition, the type and content (Mn and Zn) of the soil showed significantly effect on the content of flavonoids and terpene lactones. This study enriched the knowledge on the development and utilization value of the G. biloba leaves and was useful for determining the optimal harvest time and growing condition.

Resumo Ginkgo biloba é um fitoterápico tradicional da medicina chinesa que contém vários componentes que contribuem para suas notáveis bioatividades. Variações sazonais, meteorológicos e de plantio do solo sobre os teores fitoquímicos em folhas de G. biloba, devido aos efeitos do crescimento meteorológico e parâmetros do solo, foram investigadas neste estudo. As folhas de G. biloba foram coletadas em diferentes meses e na província de Zhejiang, os teores de flavonas (quercetina, kaempferol e isorhamnetina) e lactonas terpênicas (bilobalida, ginkgolídeos A, B e C) foram quantificados por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) e pelo método do detector de dispersão da luz por evaporação. Os métodos estabelecidos foram validados com boa linearidade, precisão, repetibilidade, estabilidade e recuperação. Uma análise abrangente sugeriu que o tempo de colheita adequado para G. biloba foi em outubro na província de Zhejiang. O resultado da análise de correlação com fatores meteorológicos mostra que a temperatura e a precipitação não têm efeito significativo sobre os principais componentes de G. biloba. Além disso, o tipo e composição (Mn e Zn) do solo apresentaram efeito significativo sobre o teor de flavonoides e lactonas terpênicas. Este estudo enriqueceu o conhecimento sobre o valor de desenvolvimento e utilização das folhas de G. biloba e foi útil para determinar o melhor tempo de colheita e condição de crescimento.

Simultaneous determination of eight flavonol glycosides in Toona sinensis shoots by UPLC / 中成药

AIM To establish a UPLC method for the simultaneous content determination of glycosides,rutinoside,myricitrin,hyperoside,isoquercitrin,guaijaverin,astragalin,quercitrin and afzelin in the shoots of Toona sinensis Roemer.METHODS The analysis of 60％ methanol extract of T.sinensis shoots was performed on a 35 ℃ thermostatic Waters XBridge Shield RP18 column (2.1 mm × 150 mm,1.7 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile-water flowing at 0.35 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelength was set at 350 nm.RESULTS Eight flavonol glycosides showed good linear relationships within their own ranges (r≥ 0.9992),whose average recoveries were 98.3％-103.5％ with the RSDs of 0.46％-3.36％.CONCLUSION This accurate,stable and reproducible method can be used for the quality control of T.sinensis shoots.

Simultaneous determination of eight flavonol glycosides in Toona sinensis shoots by UPLC / 中成药

AIM To establish a UPLC method for the simultaneous content determination of glycosides,rutinoside,myricitrin,hyperoside,isoquercitrin,guaijaverin,astragalin,quercitrin and afzelin in the shoots of Toona sinensis Roemer.METHODS The analysis of 60％ methanol extract of T.sinensis shoots was performed on a 35 ℃ thermostatic Waters XBridge Shield RP18 column (2.1 mm × 150 mm,1.7 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile-water flowing at 0.35 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelength was set at 350 nm.RESULTS Eight flavonol glycosides showed good linear relationships within their own ranges (r≥ 0.9992),whose average recoveries were 98.3％-103.5％ with the RSDs of 0.46％-3.36％.CONCLUSION This accurate,stable and reproducible method can be used for the quality control of T.sinensis shoots.